Mold manufacturing is divided into flat punching molds and cavity molds with space according to their structural characteristics. The punching die utilizes the accurate fit between the convex and concave dies, and some even have a seamless fit. Other forging dies such as cold extrusion molds, die-casting molds, powder metallurgy molds, plastic molds, rubber molds, etc. belong to cavity molds and are used to form three-dimensional shaped workpieces. The cavity mold has dimensional requirements in the length, width, and height directions, and its shape is complex, making it difficult to manufacture. Mold production is generally single piece or small batch production, with strict and accurate manufacturing requirements, often using processing equipment and measuring devices.

The flat punching die can be initially formed by electrical discharge machining, and then further improved in accuracy by forming grinding, coordinate grinding, and other methods. Forming grinding can be carried out using optical projection curve grinding machines, or flat grinding machines with shrinking and repairing grinding wheel mechanisms. Special forming grinding tools can also be used for grinding on flat grinding machines. Coordinate grinding machines can be used for mold positioning to ensure hole diameter and spacing. Computer numerical control (CNC) continuous trajectory coordinate grinding machines can also be used to grind convex and concave molds of any curved shape. The cavity mold is often processed by profiling milling machines, electrical discharge machining, and electrochemical machining. The combination of profile milling and CNC machining, as well as the addition of a three-way translation head device in electrical discharge machining, can improve the machining quality of the cavity. Adding gas filled electrolysis in electrochemical machining can improve production efficiency.

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